Are those investments likely to influence the doctors’ stance on health care reform? ]]>

100K is allocated to a speculative portfolio and 400K is considered a permanent portfolio. In my permanent portfolio I need to buy 10 to 15 stocks from various industries and [...]]]>

Penny shares are low-priced shares – usually with a value of less than $5 – of small companies. These shares are traded on the Over-The-Counter-Bulletin-Board (OTCBB) and the Pink Sheets. Both these trading venues do not have the same kind of minimum requirements of exchanges such as Nasdaq or [...]]]> Brought to you by forex trend trading.

Penny shares are low-priced shares – usually with a value of less than $5 – of small companies. These shares are traded on the Over-The-Counter-Bulletin-Board (OTCBB) and the Pink Sheets. Both these trading venues do not have the same kind of minimum requirements of exchanges such as Nasdaq or the NYSE set by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Companies which issue penny stocks may be new businesses or close to bankruptcy. A new issue of stocks could be a way to inject quick capital to try to save the business.

All of these factors – low price, lack of standards, and lack of stability – make penny stocks one of the riskiest investments around. It is true that if a company succeeds the payoff will be great, but the vast majority of penny stocks end in bankruptcy. Other reasons why penny shares are risky include…

– Lack of information about the company. Companies listed in the Pink Sheets or the OTCBB do not have to issue financial statements. Most companies also have little reportable history.

– Low liquidity. Penny shares are infrequently traded, so finding a buyer may be difficult. The price may have to     lowered substantially to interest someone in buying the share.

– Potential fraud. Due to their unregulated nature, penny stocks are often used by con artists who sell them through     spam email or off-shore brokers.

So penny stocks are risky but are there any benefits to them?

Not all penny shares are frauds or companies facing bankruptcy. Some represent hard-working businesses that are struggling to meet the requirements to get listed on Nasdaq or the NYSE. Investing in these companies offers real growth potential – you have the opportunity to get in at the ground floor and ride all the way to the top.

The difficulty is finding which companies have this growth potential. Getting this information requires a lot of research and unless you are willing to take the time to personally investigate a company, you may again be the victim of fraud.  Some companies specialize in offering ‘inside information’ about companies selling penny stock, but they may simply be fronts for pushing a particular share on unsuspecting investors.

There are two ways to play the penny shares – do research or play craps. The low cost of these stocks means that you will not lose a lot money if the company goes under, and as long as you are prepared to lose this money penny stocks can be an interesting and fun addition to any portfolio. It must be stressed, however, that penny stocks should only make up a small portion of any portfolio. The odds are that most penny stocks will end up in a total loss.

If you would like to buy penny stocks you need to find a broker that will place an order for you. Many brokers will not cover them because of the difficulties in tracking them, but some online brokers specialize in penny shares. Regulations require brokers to receive written confirmation from the client concerning the transaction. The broker is also required to give the client a document outlining the risks of speculating with penny stocks.

Finally, the broker must disclose the current market price of the stock and the amount of compensation the firm receives for the trade. Monthly statements must be sent to the client detailing market value of each penny stock in the account.

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Whereas shares give investors part ownership of a company, bonds are loans made by investors to corporations or governments. Rather than benefiting from company profits the way that stock holders do, bond holders receive a fixed rate of return – a percentage of the bond’s original offering price. The return [...]]]> Brought to you by trend trading.

Whereas shares give investors part ownership of a company, bonds are loans made by investors to corporations or governments. Rather than benefiting from company profits the way that stock holders do, bond holders receive a fixed rate of return – a percentage of the bond’s original offering price. The return is called the ‘coupon rate’. Bonds have a maturity date at which time the principal amount is returned. Bonds can be issued for any period of time – some take up to 30 years to mature.

Bonds always carry the risk that the principal amount may not be paid back. Companies with higher credit worthiness are more likely to be safe investments but their coupon rate will be lower than companies with lower credit ratings. Credit ratings are provided by firms such as Standard and Poor and Moody’s Investor Service. Credit ratings range from a high AAA to a low D.

US government bonds are considered to be the safest type of bonds. Blue chip corporations (those with established performance records that span over many decades) are also very safe bond investments. Smaller corporations have a greater risk of defaulting on their bonds, but bond-holders are preferential creditors and will get compensated before stock holders in the event that the business goes bankrupt.

Bonds can be bought and sold on the open market. Their value fluctuates according to the level of interest rates in the general economy. For example, if you hold a $1000 bond that pays 5% per year in interest you can sell the bond at higher than face value as long as interest rates are below 5%. If they rise above 5%, your bond can still be sold but usually at less than face value. This is because investors are able to get a higher interest rate than what your bond pays so in order to offset the difference your bond has to be sold at a lower cost.

Most bonds are traded in the Over-The-Counter (OTC) market which is made up of banks and security firms. Some corporate bonds are also listed on share exchanges and may be bought through share brokers. New issues of bonds are usually sold in $5000 increments while bonds bought and sold after the initial issues are quoted in increments of $100. A bond that is listed at 96 is selling for $96 per $100 face value.

Stocks or Bonds

When deciding whether to invest in shares or bonds, the risks versus the potentials have to be weighed. shares have much greater potential to increase in value but they are also more subject to market fluctuations. Investment grade bonds (those with a rating of BBB or better) carry less risk but offer a relatively low yield.

Most investors agree that for the short term, bonds offer greater security and return. The situation changes, however, when time spans of longer than 10 years are considered. The share market has consistently outperformed bond investments by a large factor. This is because companies continue to increase in value and any short term fluctuations in the share market are smoothed out over time.

Bonds still have their place in most portfolios, however. They provide a stable investment which helps to cushion against stock market fluctuation. A mixture of investments including stocks from various industries, bonds and other fixed-income investments is the way to provide maximum growth while securing your investment funds for the future.

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Stock options are contracts to buy (or sell) a stock at a certain price before a certain time in the future. Buyers of options have the right to buy the share at the specified price, but they are not obligated to exercise their option.  Sellers of options have the obligation [...]]]> Brought to you by etf trends.

Stock options are contracts to buy (or sell) a stock at a certain price before a certain time in the future. Buyers of options have the right to buy the share at the specified price, but they are not obligated to exercise their option.  Sellers of options have the obligation to sell the underlying stock if the buyer of the option wishes to exercise it.

A contract to buy is called a ‘call option’. The buyer of a call option hopes the price of the underlying stock will rise, allowing him to buy it at less than market value. The seller of the call option expects that the price of the share will not rise, or at least is willing to accept a partial loss of profits made from selling the call option.

For example: An investor buys a call option on IBM with a ‘strike price’ (the price the stock can be bought) of $50. The current price of IBM stocks is $40 and the cost of the call is $5. If the price rises above $55 (strike price + cost of call) the buyer could exercise his right to buy and make a profit by reselling on the open market. The seller would still gain from the increase in price from $40 to $55 plus the $5 he made by selling the call. If the price remains below $55 the call would not be exercised and the seller would profit by $5 per share and the buyer would lose his $5 per share.

Options are traded on specific stocks. They detail the name of the stock, the strike price (the price the stock can be bought or sold at), the expiration date and the premium (the price of the option itself). After the expiration the option cannot be exercised and is worthless. Options have a value and are actively traded. An option to buy Microsoft, for example, is listed like this:

MSFT Jan10 22.50 Call at $2.00

This tells us that an option to buy 1 share of Microsoft at $22.50 before the third Friday in January 2010 can be bought for $2.00. Options usually expire on the third Friday of the specified month, and they are usually traded in lots of 100. To buy this particular option you would have to pay $200 (plus brokerage fees).

An option to sell a stock is called a ‘put option’. This gives the holder the right (but not the obligation) to sell a particular stock within a certain time period at a certain price. In this situation the buyer is expecting the price of the share to fall but does not want to sell outright in case the price rebounds. The seller feels that the price is stable or is willing to acquire the share at the low price. 

For example: An investor buys a put option on Microsoft with a ‘strike price’ (the price the stock can be sold) of $35.  The current price of Microsoft is $40 and the cost of the put is $5. If the price falls below $30 (strike price + cost of put) the buyer could exercise his right to sell at a higher price than market. The seller would have to buy the stock at the higher-than-market price but any losses are offset by the $5 he made by selling the put. If the price remains above $30 the put would not be exercised and the seller would profit by $5 per share and the buyer would lose his $5 per share.

As can be seen, stock options can be used to protect against loss or as an investment opportunity in their own right.  They are generally used as part of a trading strategy which combines the purchase of share with the purchase of options.

For example, in a bull (rising) market you could buy shares and call options and sell put options. This allows you to take full advantage of rising share prices – the stocks you buy will rise in value, the call options will allow you to buy share at less than market prices, and if the market dips and the buyer of your put option exercises it, you can pick up additional stocks at low prices. If the buyer does not exercise the option, you make money from the sale of the option.

Conversely, in a bear market, you can sell stocks, sell calls, and buy puts to limit losses and generate profits.  Unstable markets can use a mixture of puts and calls to maximize profit potential.

Options are traded on Futures and Options Exchanges. There are 6 such exchanges in the United States including the American stock Exchange (AMEX) and the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE). In Europe the main options exchanges are Euronext.liffe and Eurex.

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